Breathing Easy Thanks To Great Oxidation Event
The earth’s original atmosphere would have been unpleasant—deadly in fact—to any organisms that breathe oxygen. There wasn’t any. Not until about 2.4 billion years ago anyway. That’s the time of what scientists call the Great Oxidation Event. Now researchers believe they’ve found clues as to what may have caused the change. They published their report in the April 9 edition of the journal Nature.
Researchers analyzed trace elements in sedimentary rock from dozens of sites. Turns out nickel was 400 times more abundant in primordial oceans than in today’s waters. Micro-organisms called methanogens love nickel-rich water, and they release methane into the atmosphere. Methane prevents a build-up of oxygen.
Scientists testing the rocks saw that around 2.7 to 2.4 billion years ago, ocean-dissolved nickel dropped off. This corresponds to the Great Oxidation Event. Lack of nickel could have killed off methanogens and left room for algae and other life forms that release oxygen during photosynthesis.
Researchers don’t know exactly why nickel decreased—possibly because of the cooling and solidifying of the earth’s mantle. But the nickel disappearance is one more clue about how the planet went from suffocating to a place where a terrestrial tetrapod could take a deep breath.
“大氧化事件”使我們能輕松呼吸
對于任何呼吸氧氣的有機體來說,地球上原始的大氣很不舒適,而事實上這些大氣也是致命的,因為那時候沒有任何氧氣存在,直到大約24億年前,氧氣才開始出現。這個時間被科學家稱為“大氧化事件”。現在研究者們相信他們找到了導致這種變化的一些線索。研究者們在4月9日的《自然》(Nature)雜志上發表了他們的研究結果。
研究者們分析了來自許多不同地方沉積巖中的痕量元素。結果發現在原始海洋中,鎳元素的含量是目前海洋中鎳元素含量的400多倍。名為產烷生物的微生物喜歡生活在富含鎳的水中,它們向空氣中釋放出甲烷。甲烷阻止了氧氣的逐步生成。
檢測了沉積巖后,科學家們發現大約在24億至27億年前,海洋中溶解的鎳大幅下降。這個時期和“大氧化事件”真好吻合。海洋中鎳的缺乏可能致使產烷生物的消亡,因此海藻以及其它形式的生物就可以利用光合作用釋放出氧氣。
研究者們還不能確切知道鎳的含量為什么會下降---這可能是由于地幔的冷卻以及固化所致。但是對于如何解釋我們的地球從一個令人窒息的環境轉變為一個讓陸地四足動物可以自由呼吸的地方,鎳的消失又提供了一個線索。
Vocabulary:
Oxidation: 氧化
Unpleasant: 令人不適的
Deadly: 致命地
Organism: 有機體;生物
Billion:十億
Clue: 線索;提示
Element: 化學元素
Sedimentary:沉積的
Abundant:大量的;豐富的
Primordial:原始的;早期的
Micro-organism:微生物
Methanogen:產烷生物
Nickel:鎳(一種化學元素,符號為Ni)
Dissolve:溶解
Algae: 海藻
Release: 釋放
Photosynthesis:光合作用
Solidify:固化
Mantle:地幔;斗篷
Suffocate: 窒息
Terrestrial: 陸地的;地球上的
Tetrapod: 四足類動物